Two Theories of Literacy Development

In this task I am going to identify 2 different theories of language development I am going to be doing, Naom Chomsky and Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget According to Piaget, language development is related to cognitive development, that is, the development of the child’s thinking determines when the child can learn to speak and what the child can say. For example, before a child can say, â€Å"This teddy is smaller than that one†, she/he must have developed the ability to judge differences in size.In Piaget’s view, children learn to talk ‘naturally’ when they are ‘ready’ without any deliberate teaching by adults he thinks children pick up language by repeated behavior. From doing his research into children’s language and how they think, Piaget put his theory on the idea that children do not think like adults he thought that they learnt through schemas which is repeatable behaviour which you see in children as they play and then Piaget t hought that through their play and interactions with their surroundings children build up their own understanding of the world.And Piaget thinks language development comes from logical thinking and reasoning skills. Schemas Schemas are patterns of repeatable behaviour which you might see children do everyday through play and on placements I have seen children do things on placements. Schema: Transporting I have seen most children when I’ve been at placement doing this e. g. when they carry blocks from one place to another either in a bag or trolley or when they take sane from the sand tray to the sensory area this is transporting. Rotation this is when children are fascinated by things spinning e. . the washing machine or anything with wheels they like rolling things down a hill and children enjoy spinning around or being swung around. An example of how children could learn language though schemas could be, if a chid is rolling or pushing a toy car along the floor. And it goe s under the sofa they will say something like ‘oh or its gone’ only as they do it more and more and they have influence through the environment they will become more advance in there language and later on the child will be ale to identify that its gone under the sofa.Piaget thinks children pass through 4 distinct stages: sensory motor, pre-operational; concrete operational; formal operational. Sensory-Motor Period According to Piaget’s theory he thinks children are born with basic ‘action schemas’ such as sucking and grasping. The sensory-motor period starts from birth to 2 years. This is when the children are doing their basic action schemas to take in information about the world. Piaget describes two functions of children's language: the â€Å"egocentric† and the â€Å"socialized. During the sensory-motor period, children's language is â€Å"egocentric†: they talk either for themselves or â€Å"for the pleasure of associating anyone who happens to be there with the activity of the moment. † This stage involves the use of motor activity without the use of symbols. Knowledge is limited in this stage, because it is based on physical interactions and experiences. Infants cannot predict reaction, and therefore must constantly experiment and learn through trial and error. Such exploration might include shaking a rattle or putting objects in the mouth. As they become more mobile, infants' ability to develop cognitively increases.Early language development begins during this stage. Children show that they know objects are still the when they can’t see them at 7-9 months, demonstrating that memory is developing. Infants realize that an object exists after it can no longer be seen. The pre-operational stage usually occurs between toddlerhood (18-24months) and early childhood (7 years). During this stage children begin to use language; memory and imagination also develop. In the pre-operational stage, childr en engage in make believe and can understand and express relationships between the past and the future.More complex concepts, such as cause and effect relationships, have not been learned. Intelligence is egocentric and spontaneous, not logical. The Concrete Operations Stage, this stage was believed to have affected children aged between seven and eleven to twelve years old. During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature and ‘adult like', or more ‘operational', although this process most often continues well into the teenage years. Piaget claims that before the beginning of this stage, children's ideas about different objects, are ormed and dominated by the appearance of the object. For example, there appears to be more blocks when they are spread out, than when they are in a small pile. During the Concrete Operational Stage, children gradually develop the ability to ‘conserve', or learn that objects are not always the way that they appear to be. This occurs when children are able to take in many different aspects of an object, simply through looking at it. Children are able to begin to imagine different scenarios, or ‘what if' something was to happen. This is because they now have more ‘operational' thought.Children are generally first able to conserve ideas about objects with which they are most comfortable. Once children have learnt to conserve, they learn about ‘reversibility'. This means that they learn that if things are changed, they will still be the same as they used to be. For example, they learn that if they spread out the pile of blocks, there are still as many there as before, even though it looks different! Formal Operations Stage (11yrs-16yrs) Finally, in the formal operational stage of adolescence, When faced with a complex problem, the adolescent things about all possible solutions before trying them out in the real world.So when the child has passed through these stages Piaget thinks t hey are ready for the world and they will be able to sort things out throughout their life. Noam Chomsky Chomsky believes that children are born with an inherited ability to learn any human language. He claims that certain language structures which children use so accurately must be already engraved on the child’s mind. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD which stores children’s language and structures for them to use and expand using their growing vocabulary.Chomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical. Chomsky’s theory applies to all languages as they all contain nouns, verbs, consonants and vowels and children appear to be ‘hard-wired’ to acquire the grammar. Every language is extremely complex, often with subtle distinctions which even native speakers are unaware of.However, all children, regardless of their intellectual ability, become fluent in their native language within five or six years. Chomsky thinks children learn language quickly and easily, and he thinks language is natural. All babies babble the same sounds, deaf babble. I’ve notice children at my placement make grammar mistakes and example would be, a child fell over in the playground and they said ‘I fellded down’ instead of saying ‘I feel down’ so Chomsky thinks children learn this themselves and we influence it as they get older because they listen to what we say and then we would say ‘oh have a fell down’.So by use saying it the correct way were hoping that the child them remembers this. Evaluation: Both Piaget and Chomsky believe that language is just something that children are born with and that it’s not through nurturing them but they believe that nurturing wil l help bring on their language and support it. Piaget thinks language development is related to cognitive development, that is, the development of the child’s thinking controls when the child can learn to speak and what the child can say.For example, before a child can say, â€Å"This teddy is smaller than that one†, she/he must have developed the ability to judge differences in size. Whereas Chomsky just thinks children will pick up the language but he believe it’s get influenced but people around but he think vocabulary has to be learned and that grammar is influenced by interaction. Chomsky he thinks children are born with all that is needed to produce language, but Piaget thinks parents and carers reinforce and therefore shape children’s language.

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Which of Our Faculties Do You Think Is More Reliable -...

Which of our faculties do you think is more reliable - reason or perception? Give reasons. There are four ways of knowing. Reason is the way we obtain knowledge by means of our justifications and perception is the way we obtain knowledge by means of our experiences. People take different views on which one of our faculties is more reliable between reason and perception. As far as I am concerned, I would like to prefer reason tend to be more trustworthy. Two thirds of what we see is behind our eyes but perceptual illusions always exist in our life. And reason seems to give us certainty of judgment. The way we see something depends partly on the context in which we see it while sometimes the truth is hid by the visual†¦show more content†¦Perception is unreliable as we are not always having a normal attitude when we try to know about something or have to make a judgment. In contrast, reason can help us to detect the truth clearly. According to Sherlock Holmes, who prided himse lf on having made the ‘faculties of deduction and logical synthesis’ his ‘special province’. In one mystery concerning the theft of and expensive race horse, a police officer asks Holmes if any aspect of the crime strikes him as significant. The solution to this crime hinges on the fact that the watchdog guarding the horse did not bark in the night, and from this Holmes deduces that the thief must have been known to the dog. Formally, we can lay out Holmes’ reasoning process as follows: Watchdogs bark at strangers. It did not bark at the thief. Therefore the thief was not a stranger. In this case, how can we use perception to judge any truth? Well, we may not have Homes’ power of deduction, we are constantly using reason to go beyond the immediate evidence of our senses. This means that perception is not enough as our senses can all too easily mislead us. 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Models and Methods of Measuring †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Models and Methods of Measuring. Answer: Introduction: The customer complain are recorded in database has different dimension of visualize the relationship of complain with various aspect. We will analyse one by one to see which part is more responsible for making the customer unhappy The customers complain reveals that the highest customer complaint done by customer C4 followed C3, The number of complain for C4 is 19 and after that it is 8 for C8, In this condition we can say that out 720 complaint this amount is very less, and another thing is that rest of the complaint done by the customers are almost evenly distributed to 4 complaint per customer. This analysis shows that there is some problem which is not related to customer side but it is from product side We have to find other way of analysing the database which is more from product side. It is always true that, all customers are not going to complain about product. Only one third of the customer are making complain about and they are genuine also (Gilmore, 2010). The graph of complaint type describes that, about 70 per cent of customer is related with first three reasons; these reasons are delivery, wrong quantity and Lost in transit related complaints, It good idea to look for all the data, but if we look for root cause of problem we have to see the top most reason for complaint and these three are comes under it. It is also true that 68 per cent of customer though is they are not been taken care by supplier(Flynn, 2014). The third one comes in this category is loss in transit, generally material is transported by third party and due to competitive market they are also in rush of transferring the material as fast as possible. This reason is making most the mistakes during transit; internal transit also makes some damage to material (Gomes, 2011). After visual of bar graph related with product family it is clear that This graph identical with customer wise, the and lowest is 55 and 48 respectively, this also suggest that The complaint is not related with one particular product rather it is also distributed among all product. The product wise average complain is also similar to lowest one. In order to achieve the excellence customer service we have to interpret ate all aspect of problem, even a smaller one. A small problem can cause big mistake in the area of supply chain (Gomes, 2011). It is general custom of assumption about customer that, they knows about the product very well, handling and damage also occurs from another side also which is causing complaint against us. The analysis regarding CSR staff not very effective as compared to product family, The CSR staff group having five members and each member are related with 150 customer complaints which related with almost even distribution. Suggestion and solution Out of the four different analyses, my suggestion is that we have to look for product wise categories, because entire reason in this category has paramount importance the other reason except there is also very crucial for complaint management, and attending these category we can generate more fruitful results than other categories. The first and foremost thing we have to apply check on entire movement of supply chain, barcoding is good option, tracking of material through information system is also very helpful in reducing delivery complain. We can also implement checklist at various stage so that important things cannot be passed unattended. Check list while receiving the martial to warehouse, checklist while placing the material in warehouse, most important thing checklist for packing configuration used for product, whether it is as per customer requirement or not. Each and every root cause should be embedded with the key performance indicator; it is measurement tool of quality of product or services for success for an organization. It is not only implemented in warehouse but also in production area of the company (Gulc, 2017). Inter departmental cooperation is important thing when it is related to outstanding customer service. For this purpose the logistic, the operation should be designed in such a way that both are integrated and only serve the purpose of customer satisfaction. This was first modelled in 1989 by Mentzer and it is being known as Mentzer, Gomes and Krapfel model. (Laing, 2012). Conclusion The above analysis and suggestion concluded in such a ways that, the importance of delivery and after sales services also having same importance as production. Therefore, better integration between these two and involving shop floor person in improvement is the key idea of reducing customer complaints in any department. Bibliography Flynn, B. (2014). lobal Supply Chain Quality Management (1st ed.). New York: CRC publication. Gilmore, A. (2010). Services Marketing and Management (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publication. Gomes, R. (2011). Physical Distribution Service. Jams, 1(1), 1-10. Gulc, A. (2017). Models and Methods of Measuring the Quality of Logistic Service. Project, and Production Management, 255(264), 1-10. Laing, A. (2012). Managing and Marketing Health Services (2nd ed.). London: Thomson.

Presidency Essay Research Paper CELEBRITY OBITUARIESOdysseus free essay sample

Presidency Essay, Research Paper CELEBRITY OBITUARIES Odysseus ( 354 A.D. ) The great adventurer Odysseus had died this twelvemonth and it was gratefully the decease he deserved, because unlike his lost friends who were eaten by the Cyclops, elephantine serpent snake, and the H2O cyclone that took the lives of most of his friends. Odysseus died of an obvious factor at his age because he died of old age. He was found by his boy in his bed which he made with his ain custodies out of the stump of a tree, and when he was found by his boy the married woman of Odysseus instantly new what has happened by the expression on her face says the amah from Odysseus house. The funeral was held at the hometown of Odysseus in Ithaca and even the great goddess Athena showed up foremost disguised as an old adult male and so subsequently uncovering herself to give the uligee at Odysseus funeral. We will write a custom essay sample on Presidency Essay Research Paper CELEBRITY OBITUARIESOdysseus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many of the common provincials that came to the funeral said that they saw a curious form in the sky perchance Hermes, because it is known that Heermes had helped Odysseus on his escapade back to Ithaca. But the most unbelievable phenomenon that occurred was a lightning bolt that struck near Odysseus herd of sheep. Peoples considered this unusual beca usage it was a clear cheery twenty-four hours when this happened. Many people mourned the decease of Odysseus but they are eager to see what his boy can make for Ithaca the twenty-four hours he is crowned new male monarch of Ithaca. Antinous ( 322 A.D. ) This twelvemonth Antinous was slain by the great hero Odysseus after Odysseus after Odysseus came place to Ithaca and found Antinous eating his nutrient and farm animal, and seeking to tribunal his married woman Penelope.Antinous put up rather a battle and so did the others with him who was besides seeking to get married Penelope. Many of them didn t acknowledge Odysseus at first but that was because he was hidden in a camouflage that the Goddess Athena had given him. The Cyclops ( 318 A.D. ) The Cyclops died this twelvemonth while trailing after Odysseus and his crew who had merely blinded him after he had fallen asleep because of the vino that Odysseus had fed to the Cyclops. The Cyclops really died of drowning because Odysseus holding blinded the lone oculus the Cyclops had caused the Cyclops to run and trail after Odysseus, and his work forces without any sense of way. The Cyclops so ran into the H2O without cognizing that he had until it was to tardily. The sarcasm in this is that the elephantine colossal Cyclops really died of drowning.

Back to the Playground †Theology Essay

Back to the Playground – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Back to the Playground Theology Essay I’m spending a lot more time at playgrounds lately. My grandchildren are coniseurs of playgrounds. When they come to visit, I usually ask them what they want to do. Invariably, they excitedly sing out, â€Å"Let’s go to the park!† Park to them means a playground. They can’t conceive of a park without a playground. I’ve learned some valuable lessons at the playground. On our last trip to a playground, two of my grandchildren came along. They had just put clean clothes on and it had rained during the night. So I was a little apprehensive about the puddles of water on the playground. It wasn’t long before I spotted Kaitlyn on the playground digging through the rocks and mud. Just before I was about to scold her for getting her clothes dirty, she came running toward me with an outstretched arm and a smile on her face. When she got to me she handed me a little heart-shaped rock and said, â€Å"Here PaPa! Here is a heart for you – just because I love you! Keep it!† With tears in my eyes, I thanked her. Did I scold her for getting her clothes muddy? What do you think? No way! And, yes, I still have that little heart-shaped rock given to me by my four-year-old granddaughter. It is one of the best gifts that I have ever received. I realized that many times we miss out on so much when we sweat the small stuff. We need to spend a lot more time at the playground. Jesus said, â€Å"Except you be converted and become as little children, you shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven. Whosoever, therefore, shall humble himself as this little child, the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven† (Matthew 18:3-4). What are some things we can learn on the playground to help us live simple, stress free lives? First – SIMPLICITY enables us to relax and have peace. Jesus revealed that those who live in humility as a little child are the greatest in the kingdom of God. Children enjoy the simple things in life. We often take things too seriously. Prolonged seriousness will kill. It will kill your joy and, worse, it will kill your child-likeness. As adults, we tend to make things too complicated. When David was a shepherd boy, he dared to believe with childlike faith that God would deliver the giant Goliath into his hands. He spurned all of the body armor and weapons that King Saul gave him. Instead, he met the giant on the battlefield with his simple sling and five smooth stones. He figured it was simple – the giant was so big he couldn’t miss! Who won? That’s simple – God plus one is always the majority. (See I Samuel 17.) Second – SING. Sing a silly song sometimes. Children love to sing. The Bible says, â€Å"A merry heart doeth good like medicine† (Proverbs 17:2). (See Proverbs 15:13 and Ephesians 5:18-19.) Have you lost your song? Ask God to give you a new song to sing. (See Psalm 98:1.) Third – STAY LOOSE. Children are not normally uptight and worried about life. Ask yourself, â€Å"Will this matter a year from now?† I picked up a great little book the other day that had an intriguing title – Don’t Sweat the Small Stuff . . . and it’s all small stuff by Richard Carlson PhD. It is Dr Carlson’s premise that whenever we’re dealing with bad news or troublesome situations, most of us get into certain habits, ways of reacting to life that don’t serve us very well. We overreact, tend to blow things out of proportion, hold on too tightly, and focus on the negative. We live our life as if it was one huge emergency! Stay loose – don’t sweat the small stuff. (See Matthew 6:25-34.) Fourth – SHARE. Children usually love to share. Giving is fun and it doesn’t have to be expensive or elaborate. Have you ever seen the delight of two children sharing an ice cream cone or simply jumping through mud puddles or dancing in the rain? I saw a wonderful bumper sticker not too long ago. It said, â€Å"Practice Random Acts of Kindness and Senseless Acts of Beauty†. Practicing random or spontaneous acts of kindness is an effective way to get in touch with the joy of giving without expecting anything in return. It’s even more rewarding when you don’t let anyone know what you are doing. Remember that Jesus said, â€Å"It is more blessed to give than to receive†. Also, why not take time each day and think of someone to thank? Fifth – SPRITIUAL VITALITY brings everlasting and abundant life. Children are naturally attuned to the spiritual. Only as people grow older do they become hardened and insensitive to the spiritual. That’s why we need to go back to the playground and become as little children. Jesus warns us, â€Å"I assure you, unless you turn from your sins and become as little children, you will never get into the Kingdom of Heaven† (Matthew 18:3 NLT). Perhaps you need to sing that old children’s song again, â€Å"Jesus loves me this I know. For the Bible tells me so. Little ones to Him belong. They are weak, but He is strong. Yes, Jesus loves. Yes, Jesus loves me.† Do you need to go back to the playground of childlike simplicity and humility? In childlike faith ask Jesus Christ to come into your life. â€Å"For as many as received Him gave He power to become children of God even those who believed on His name† (John 1:12). 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